Characteristics of Backspatter on the Firearm and Shooting Hand—An Experimental Analysis of Close‐range Gunshots

Contact and close‐range gunshot injuries can produce bloodstains on the shooting hand and weapon. In this study, backspatter was analyzed in experimental horizontal pistol shots into blood‐filled sponges. The shooting distances were set between 0 and 45 cm. With increasing shooting distance, there was a significant decrease in the degree of backspatter. Microspatter could be detected on the weapon and shooting hand up to a shooting distance of 40 cm. They were predominantly located on thumb and index finger as well as the radial dorsal aspects of the hand. Fine spray of microspatter combined with elongated droplets in the shape of exclamation marks was found at contact and 2‐cm distance shots. An angular calculation based on the shape of the bloodstains was possible up to a shooting distance of 2 cm. No bloodstains were detected beyond 45 cm.     

Ancestry and BMI Influences on Facial Soft Tissue Depths for A Cohort of Chinese and Caucasoid Women in Dunedin,New Zealand

This study measured and assessed facial soft tissue depths (FSTDs) in adult female Chinese and New Zealand (NZ) Europeans (Caucasoids). Ultrasound was used to obtain depths at nine landmarks on 108 healthy subjects (51 Chinese, 57 NZ European), erect positioned, of same age group (18–29 years). Height and weight were also recorded. Statistical analysis focused on comparison of tissue depth between the two ancestry groups and the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m²). Results showed mean depth differences at Supra M2 and Infra M2 landmarks significantly greater for Chinese than Caucasoid women for all three BMI Classes (BMI <20, 20 ≤ BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30), even BMI <20. For both groups BMI positively correlated with FSTD values at all landmarks except Labrale superius. This study enabled ancestry and BMI influence on FSTDs to be observed and compared for two distinct groups. Results add to knowledge about facial tissue depth variation.     

An Empirical Study on the Relation Between the Critical Angle for Bullet Ricochet and the Properties of Wood

The properties of a bullet, an object, and the incidence angle determine whether the bullet will penetrate, perforate, or ricochet. In this study, the critical angle for ricochet was established for .32 Auto and 9 mm Luger bullets on Abachi, Southern Yellow Pine, Beech, and Ipe wooden boards. Results show that the critical angle differs depending on caliber and wood type. The critical angle is higher for .32 Auto bullets than for 9 mm Luger bullets and increases with increasing wood density and Janka hardness. The established critical angles for ricochet on the lightest and softest wood (Abachi) are 10.4° and 10.3° for .32 Auto and 9 mm Luger, respectively. For the heaviest and hardest wood (Ipe), the angles were 45.0° and 33.4°, respectively. The combined results on the four tested woods show a strong linear relationship between both the density and the hardness and the critical angle for both calibers.     

情报主导侦查视角下侦查情报运行机制的重构

在情报主导侦查的革命性变革进程中,如何构建新的侦查情报运行机制是当前公安机关正在探索而又亟需解决的现实问题。新的情报机制的构建,应当是基于机制内涵本身所要求的侦查情报工作流程、侦查情报运行制度、侦查情报工作机构与情报队伍、侦查文化四个要素的有机重构,而这四者又在相辅相成、互相促进、互相影响的基础上形成一个稳定的合力系统。     

关于根本违约及其与大陆法系相关违约形态的比较研究和思考

根本违约是1980年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》中正式确立的一种违约形式,通过分析其与英美法系违约形态的渊源,指出它有一个从依条款的重要性为标准到依后果的严重程度为标准的历史演变过程,并对其与大陆法系的相关违约形态的差异进行了辩证分析。     

试论现代商人法的适用

现代商人法作为国际商事实践中产生并逐渐成熟起来的"自治性"法律体系或法律部门,顺应了国际商事关系发展的客观需要,并展现出日渐蓬勃的生命力。而对于其适用,在理论与实践中尚有诸多争议,学者及国际社会以及各国立法与司法上态度有许多不同。通过考察理论上与实践中对待现代商人法的态度,分析了现代商人法适用条件和途径以及其适用中产生的冲突和解决冲突的办法。     

经济法的反贫困机理和制度设计

贫困体现了市场失灵和政府失灵,而这两个失灵是经济法产生和发展完善的理论基础;反贫困所体现的公平观是一种新型的、可持续的发展观,它是经济法之实质公平的典型表现形式;政府反贫困行为还与经济法所追求的社会整体利益相契合,体现了经济法的社会本位思想;因此,经济法可以从宏观调控法和市场规制法两方面进行制度设计。     

调解的重构(下)——以法院调解的改革为重点

调解作为中国自古就存在的一种纠纷解决方式 ,甚至是社会治理的一种制度性或体制性存在 ,在现代仍然有着极为重要的意义。本文采取一种综合各种功能的多元价值论 ,主张客观地认识调解的各种功能和价值。同时 ,力图通过对于以法院调解改革为重点获取的实证资料的分析 ,提出一种有关我国调解的功能和价值的建设性的意见或理论框架 ,实现一种对于调解的重构 ,以使其获得现代转型和重生。     

论犯罪客体要件的重构

犯罪客体要件对准确定罪具有十分重要的意义。通说的犯罪客体理论存在严重缺陷,不足以承担犯罪构成要件之重任。为完善犯罪构成理论,本文在基本坚持通说犯罪构成的基础上,引入法益理论,实现对犯罪客体要件的重构,并具体阐述了犯罪客体要件的概念以及法益、法益主体、法益侵犯以及法益受到侵犯的程度等犯罪客体要件构成要素。     

城市化冲击下的农村空巢老人

在城市化过程中，大量的农村劳动力流向城市，从而产生了大量的空巢老人。本文在实地调查的基础上，对农村空巢老人的生存状况进行了客观的描叙和评价，并提出了相对可行的建议。